Golden Gate Bridge Silver Coin San Francisco Alcatraz Prison Americana Bay Medal • EUR 2,59 (2024)

Golden Gate Bridge Silver Coin San Francisco Alcatraz Prison Americana Bay Medal 1 sur 3 Golden Gate Bridge Silver Coin San Francisco Alcatraz Prison Americana Bay Medal 2 2 sur 3 Golden Gate Bridge Silver Coin San Francisco Alcatraz Prison Americana Bay Medal 3 3 sur 3

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Vendeur: anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (34.117) 99.8%, Lieu où se trouve: Manchester, GB, Lieu de livraison: WORLDWIDE, Numéro de l'objet: 313336804843 Golden Gate Bridge Silver Coin San Francisco Alcatraz Prison Americana Bay Medal. Golden Gate Bridge Commemorative Coin One side show the world famous Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco The other side is an image of Alcatraz Island with the bridge in the back ground The coin is 40mm in diameter, weighs about 1 oz Comes in air-tight acrylic coin holder. In Excellent Condition Starting at a Penny...With No Reserve..If your the only bidder you win it for 1p....Grab a Bargain!!!! Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake souvineer of the worlds biggest sporting event I have a lot of World Cup Memorabilia on Ebay so Check out my other items ! Bid with Confidence please read my 100% Positive feedback from over 15,000 satisfied customer Read how quickly they receive their items - I post all my items within 24 hours of receiving payment I am a UK Based Seller with over 5 years of eBay Selling Experience I am Highly Rated Seller by Ebay and My selling Performance is Rated Premium Service International customers are welcome. I have shipped items to over 120 countries and I will ship anywhere worldwide UK Buyers can expect their items in a few days sometimes they arrive the next day Items sent to Europe usually take about a week and outside Europe take around 2 weeks International orders may require longer handling time if held up at customs. A small percentage do get held up at customs if they do they can take up to 6 weeks to arrive Returns Accepted Why not treat yourself? 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I have sold items to coutries such as Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL) * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL) * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * 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Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, f*ckuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra Golden Gate Bridge Coordinates 37°49′11″N 122°28′43″WCoordinates: 37°49′11″N 122°28′43″W Carries 6 lanes of US 101 / SR 1 (see below), pedestrians and bicycles. Crosses Golden Gate Locale San Francisco, California and Marin County, California, U.S. Official name Golden Gate Bridge Maintained by Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District[1] Characteristics Design Art Deco, Suspension, truss arch & truss causeways Material Steel Total length 8,981 ft (2,737.4 m),[2] about 1.7 mi (2.7 km) Width 90 ft (27.4 m) Height 746 ft (227.4 m) Longest span 4,200 ft (1,280.2 m),[3] about 0.79 miles (1.28 km) Clearance above 14 ft (4.3 m) at toll gates, Trucks cannot pass Clearance below 220 ft (67.1 m) at high tide History Architect Irving Morrow Engineering design by Joseph Strauss, and Charles Ellis Construction start January 5, 1933 Construction end April 19, 1937 Opened May 27, 1937; 82 years ago Statistics Daily traffic 110,000[4] Toll Cars (southbound only) $8.00 (Pay by plate), $7.00 (FasTrak), $5.00 (carpools during peak hours, FasTrak only) California Historical Landmark Designated June 18, 1987[5] Reference no. 974 San Francisco Designated Landmark Designated May 21, 1999[6] Reference no. 222 San Francisco Bay Bridges map en.svg Golden Gate Bridge within the San Francisco Bay Area (westernmost bridge) The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the one-mile-wide (1.6 km) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the American city of San Francisco, California – the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula – to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and the United States. It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers.[7] The Frommer's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as "possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world".[8][9] At the time of its opening in 1937, it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world, with a main span of 4,200 feet (1,280 m) and a total height of 746 feet (227 m). History Ferry service Further information: Ferries of San Francisco Bay Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco.[10] The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service, launched in 1867, eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company, a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary, the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s.[10][11] Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacific's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy.[12] The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito Ferry Terminal in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost $1.00 per vehicle,[when?] a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge.[13][better source needed] The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes. Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, the city's growth rate was below the national average.[14] Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700-foot (2,000-metre) strait, which had strong, swirling tides and currents, with water 372 ft (113 m) deep[15] at the center of the channel, and frequent strong winds. Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation.[14] Conception Golden Gate with Fort Point in foreground, c. 1891 Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins.[16] San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million (equivalent to $2.3 billion today), and impractical for the time. He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less.[10] One who responded, Joseph Strauss, was an ambitious engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis, designed a 55-mile-long (89 km) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait.[17] At the time, Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project.[3] Strauss's initial drawings[16] were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million (equivalent to $391 million today).[10] Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts.[citation needed] A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in metallurgy.[10] Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California.[18] The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources. The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic. The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs. Southern Pacific Railroad, one of the most powerful business interests in California, opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project, leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service.[10] In May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction. Deakyne, on behalf of the Secretary of War, approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the "Bridging the Golden Gate Association" and both San Francisco County and Marin County, pending further bridge plans by Strauss.[19] Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry, which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles.[13] The bridge's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy, city engineer of San Francisco, and Strauss. The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923, creating a special district to design, build and finance the bridge.[20] San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District, with the exception being Humboldt County, whose residents opposed the bridge's construction and the traffic it would generate.[21] Design South tower seen from walkway, with Art Deco elements Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project.[14] However, because he had little understanding or experience with cable-suspension designs,[22] responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts. Strauss's initial design proposal (two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint. The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff, the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City.[23] Irving Morrow, a relatively unknown residential architect, designed the overall shape of the bridge towers, the lighting scheme, and Art Deco elements, such as the tower decorations, streetlights, railing, and walkways. The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge.[24] The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships.[14] Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis, collaborating remotely with Moisseiff, was the principal engineer of the project.[25] Moisseiff produced the basic structural design, introducing his "deflection theory" by which a thin, flexible roadway would flex in the wind, greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers.[25] Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound, a later Moisseiff design, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge, collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed, because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter.[26] Ellis was also tasked with designing a "bridge within a bridge" in the southern abutment, to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point, a pre–Civil War masonry fortification viewed, even then, as worthy of historic preservation. He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge's southern anchorage.[27] Below Golden Gate Bridge Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree. He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University. He became an expert in structural design, writing the standard textbook of the time.[28] Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge, but he received none of the credit in his lifetime. In November 1931, Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate, Clifford Paine, ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff.[28] Ellis, obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression, continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis, eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations.[28] With an eye toward self-promotion and posterity, Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who, despite receiving little recognition or compensation,[22] are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge. He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge.[28] Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated.[28] In May 2007, the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge. Panorama showing the height, depth, and length of the span from end to end, looking west Panorama of the Golden Gate Bridge at sunset, as seen from just north of Alcatraz Island Finance The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District, authorized by an act of the California Legislature, was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design, construct, and finance the Golden Gate Bridge.[14] However, after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the District was unable to raise the construction funds, so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure (equivalent to $438 million today). The bonds were approved in November 1930,[17] by votes in the counties affected by the bridge.[29] The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million ($405 million today). However, the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932, when Amadeo Giannini, the founder of San Francisco–based Bank of America, agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy.[10] Construction Construction began on January 5, 1933.[10] The project cost more than $35 million,[30] ($514 million in 2018 dollars[31]) completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget (equivalent to $23.8 million today).[32] The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic-Marshall Construction Co., a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall, both of Lehigh University. An original rivet replaced during the seismic retrofit after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. A total of 1.2 million steel rivets hold the bridge's two towers together. Strauss remained head of the project, overseeing day-to-day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions. A graduate of the University of Cincinnati, he placed a brick from his alma mater's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured. He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site, which saved the lives of many otherwise-unprotected ironworkers. Of eleven men killed from falls during construction, ten were killed on February 17, 1937, when the bridge was near completion and the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen.[33] The workers' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear. The platform fell into the safety net, but was too heavy and the net gave way. Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200-foot (61 m) fall into the icy waters, including the 37-year-old foreman, Slim Lambert. Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club.[34] The project was finished and opened May 27, 1937. The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012.[35] The Bridge Round House, an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938, has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop.[36] The diner was renovated in 2012[35] and the gift shop was then removed as a new, official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza.[36] During the bridge work, the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge's road work.[37] With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012, all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased. Torsional bracing retrofit In 1953 and 1954, the bridge was retrofitted with lateral and diagonal bracing that connected the lower chords of the two side trusses. This bracing stiffened the bridge deck in torsion so that it would better resist the types of twisting that had destroyed the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. [38] Opening festivities, and 50th and 75th anniversaries A plaque on the south tower commemorating the 25th anniversary of the bridge The Golden Gate Bridge and Fort Point The bridge-opening celebration began on May 27, 1937, and lasted for one week. The day before vehicle traffic was allowed, 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates.[10] On opening day, Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin, then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial "barriers", the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass. An official song, "There's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate", was chosen to commemorate the event. Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled "The Mighty Task is Done". The next day, President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington, D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon. As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area. Weeks of civil and cultural activities called "the Fiesta" followed. A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge.[16] In May 1987, as part of the 50th anniversary celebration, the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge. However, this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people, and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people, causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight.[39] Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads, and was estimated not to have exceeded 40% of the yielding stress of the suspension cables,[40] bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday, May 27, 2012,[41][42][43] because of the additional law enforcement costs required "since 9/11".[44] A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day, 1937. File:Golden Gate Bridge Opening - (1936).ogv Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge Official invitation to the opening of the bridge. This copy was sent to the City of Seattle. Structural specifications On the south side of the bridge a 36.5-inch-wide (93 cm) cross-section of the cable, containing 27,572 wires, is on display. Until 1964, the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet (1,300 m). Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by fifteen bridges; it now has the second-longest main span in the United States, after the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet (2,737 m).[45] The Golden Gate Bridge's clearance above high water averages 220 feet (67 m) while its towers, at 746 feet (227 m) above the water,[45] were the world's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the Mezcala Bridge, in Mexico. The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes, which are attached to two main cables. The main cables pass over the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire. The total length of galvanized steel wire used to fabricate both main cables is estimated to be 80,000 miles (130,000 km).[45] Each of the bridge's two towers has approximately 600,000 rivets.[46] In the 1960s, when the Bay Area Rapid Transit system (BART) was being planned, the engineering community had conflicting opinions about the feasibility of running train tracks north to Marin County over the bridge.[47] In June 1961, consultants hired by BART completed a study that determined the bridge's suspension section was capable of supporting service on a new lower deck.[48] In July 1961, one of the bridge's consulting engineers, Clifford Paine, disagreed with their conclusion.[49] In January 1962, due to more conflicting reports on feasibility, the bridge's board of directors appointed an engineering review board to analyze all the reports. The review board's report, released in April 1962, concluded that running BART on the bridge was not advisable.[50] Aesthetics The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange.[51] The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow[52] because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge's visibility in fog. Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected. Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan, he added details, such as lighting, to outline the bridge's cables and towers.[53] In 1999, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects. The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead-based topcoat, which was touched up as required. In the mid-1960s, a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats.[54][51] Since 1990, acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air-quality reasons. The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded.[55] A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise View of Marin from the south tower Top of the south tower Traffic Installation of the movable median barrier system in January 2015 File:Zipper truck.webm Testing the newly installed movable barrier Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1. Although part of the National Highway System, the bridge is not officially part of California's Highway System.[56] For example, under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401, Route 101 ends at "the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge" and then resumes at "a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco". The Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns. On weekday mornings, traffic flows mostly southbound into the city, so four of the six lanes run southbound. Conversely, on weekday afternoons, four lanes run northbound. During off-peak periods and weekends, traffic is split with three lanes in each direction.[57] From 1968 to 2015, opposing traffic was separated by small, plastic pylons, and during that time, there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head-on collisions.[58] To improve safety, the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph (80 to 72 km/h) on October 1, 1983.[59] Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s, only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier.[58] Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11, 2015, following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic, the longest in the bridge's history. The new barrier system, including the zipper trucks, cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install.[58][60] Usage and tourism File:Golden Gate Bridge.webm Looking north with traffic and current flow into the bay with sailboats See also: Golden Gate National Recreation Area The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists, and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes. Initially, they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb, but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003, primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway.[61] The main walkway is on the eastern side, and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays (5:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.), and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours (until 6:00 p.m., or 9:00 p.m. during DST). The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends (5:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., or 9:00 p.m. during DST), and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight, when it is closed to pedestrians. The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway.[62] Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies: San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit. Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line, and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week.[63][64] The southern end of the bridge, near the toll plaza and parking lot, is also accessible daily from 5:30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28.[65] The Marin Airporter, a private company, also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport.[66] A visitor center and gift shop, originally called the "Bridge Pavilion" (since renamed the “Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center”), is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge, adjacent to the southeast parking lot. It opened in 2012, in time for the bridge's 75th anniversary celebration. A cafe, outdoor exhibits, and restroom facilities are located nearby.[67] On the Marin side of the bridge, only accessible from the northbound lanes, is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point,[68] named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways.[69] Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions.[70][71] Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries/(re)colonizations vicinity to the bridge, and researchers study them to strengthen protections, concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby, or to use a local whale watching operator.[72][73][74] Tolls Golden Gate Bridge at sunset When the Golden Gate Bridge opened in 1937, the toll was 50 cents per car (equivalent to $8.71 today), collected in each direction. In 1950 it was reduced to 40 cents each way ($4.17 today), then lowered to 25 cents ($2.34 today) in 1955. In 1968, the bridge was converted to only collect tolls from southbound traffic, with the toll amount reset back to 50 cents ($3.6 today).[75] The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971, with $35 million (equivalent to $217 million today) in principal and nearly $39 million ($241 million today) in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls.[59] Tolls continued to be collected and subsequently incrementally raised; by 1991, the toll was $3.00 (equivalent to $5.52 today).[75] The bridge began accepting tolls via the FasTrak electronic toll collection system in 2002, with $4 tolls for FasTrak users and $5 for those paying cash.[75] In November 2006, the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit, projected at $80 million over five years. The District promised that the proposal, which it called a "partnership program", would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself. In October 2007, the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means, most likely a toll increase.[76][77] The District later increased the toll amounts in 2008 to $5 for FasTrak users and $6 to those paying cash.[75] In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years, the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling.[78] Subsequently, this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013. The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight-year period. In addition to FasTrak, the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling (branded as "Pay-by-Plate"), and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge. Twenty-eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan.[79] On April 7, 2014, the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6, while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7. Bicycle, pedestrian, and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free. For vehicles with more than two axles, the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system, and $6 per axle for FasTrak users. During peak traffic hours, carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate.[79] The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015, and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years.[80] Golden Gate Bridge toll increases (2014–18)[80][81] Effective date FasTrak Toll-by-plate Carpool Multi-axle vehicle April 7, 2014 $6.00 $7.00 $4.00 $7.00 per axle July 1, 2015 $6.25 $7.25 $4.25 $7.25 per axle July 1, 2016 $6.50 $7.50 $4.50 $7.50 per axle July 1, 2017 $6.75 $7.75 $4.75 $7.75 per axle July 1, 2018 $7.00 $8.00 $5.00 $8.00 per axle Congestion pricing Further information: San Francisco congestion pricing Looking south In March 2008, the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge, charging higher tolls during the peak hours, but rising and falling depending on traffic levels. This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant.[82] As a condition of the grant, the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009.[83][84] The first results of the study, called the Mobility, Access and Pricing Study (MAPS), showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible.[85] The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008.[86] In August 2008, transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue.[87] Issues Suicides Main article: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge As a suicide prevention initiative, this sign promotes a special telephone available on the bridge that connects to a crisis hotline. The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site/suicide bridge in the world, after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge.[88] The deck is about 245 feet (75 m) above the water.[89] After a fall of four seconds, jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph (120 km/h). Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma. About 5% of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water.[90][91] After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths, suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017. Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million.[92] Wind Since its completion, the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times: on December 1, 1951, because of gusts of 69 mph (111 km/h); on December 23, 1982, because of winds of 70 mph (113 km/h); and on December 3, 1983, because of wind gusts of 75 mph (121 km/h).[54] An anemometer, placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge, has been used to measure wind speeds. Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers. Seismic vulnerability and improvements South approach sub-structure with seismic isolators (short black cylinders) added as part of the Seismic Retrofit Construction Project Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events. The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake. Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake, the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure (i.e., collapse) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320-foot (98 m) arch over Fort Point.[93] A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal (repairable) damage. One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic. A complex electro-hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts, transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports. This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac, accomplishing this task without disrupting day-to-day San Francisco commuter traffic.[94][95] The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012.[95][96] The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio, known as Doyle Drive, dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle, President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa, and the man who, more than any other person, made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge.[97] The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north.[98] The road was deemed "vulnerable to earthquake damage", had a problematic 4-lane design, and lacked shoulders, and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced. Construction on the $1 billion[99] replacement, temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway, began in December 2009.[100] The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27–30, 2012, and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway, until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9–12, 2015. As of May 2012, an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive.[101] Gallery Comparison of the side elevations of the Golden Gate Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale. (click for interactive version) Panorama of San Francisco with two bridges (Western section of Bay Bridge in the left background), Coit Tower (in background to the left of north tower), and Fort Mason (on the San Francisco waterfront in the background behind the north tower) from Marin Panorama of the Golden Gate Bridge at night, with San Francisco in the background See also icon Bridges portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 25 de Abril Bridge, a bridge with a similar design in Portugal The Bridge, a 2006 documentary on suicides from the Bridge Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks List of longest suspension bridge spans List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks List of tallest bridges San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge Suicide bridge Suspension bridge References "About Us". goldengate.org. Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved November 27, 2017. Golden Gate Bridge at Structurae Denton, Harry et al. (2004) "Lonely Planet San Francisco" Lonely Planet, United States, ISBN 1-74104-154-6 "Annual Vehicle Crossings and Toll Revenues, FY 1938 to FY 2011". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved December 23, 2012. "Golden Gate Bridge". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved October 8, 2012. "City of San Francisco Designated Landmarks". City of San Francisco. Retrieved October 21, 2012. "American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders". Asce.org. July 19, 2010. Archived from the original on August 2, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010. Levine, Dan (1993). Frommer's comprehensive travel guide, California '93. New York: Prentice Hall Travel. p. 118. ISBN 0671846744. McGrath, Nancy (1985). Frommer's 1985-86 guide to San Francisco. New York: Frommer/Pasmantier Pub. p. 10. ISBN 0671526545. "Two Bay Area Bridges". US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved March 9, 2009. Fimrite, Peter (April 28, 2005). "Ferry tale – the dream dies hard: 2 historic boats that plied the bay seek buyer – anybody". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 31, 2007. Harlan, George H. (1967). San Francisco Bay Ferryboats. Howell-North Books. Span, Guy (May 4, 2002). "So Where Are They Now? The Story of San Francisco's Steel Electric Empire". Bay Crossings. Sigmund, Pete (2006). "The Golden Gate: 'The Bridge That Couldn't Be Built',". Construction Equipment Guide. Retrieved May 31, 2007. Barnard, Hanes, Rubin, Kvitek (July 18, 2006). "Giant Sand Waves at the Mouth of San Francisco Bay" (PDF). Eos. 87 (29). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2012. Owens, T.O. (2001). The Golden Gate Bridge. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8239-5016-6. "The American Experience:People & Events: Joseph Strauss (1870–1938)". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved November 7, 2007. "Bridging the Bay: Bridges That Never Were". UC Berkeley Library. 1999. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved April 13, 2006. Miller, John B. (2002) "Case Studies in Infrastructure Delivery" Springer, ISBN 0-7923-7652-8. Gudde, Erwin G. (1949). California Place Names. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 130. OCLC 37647557. "Special District Formed – Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District". Retrieved January 17, 2015. "People and Events: Joseph Strauss (1870–1938)". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved December 12, 2007. "Golden Gate Bridge Design". goldengatebridge.org. Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved November 27, 2017. "The American Experience:People & Events: Irving Morrow (1884–1952)". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved November 7, 2007. "American Experience:Leon Moisseiff (1872–1943)". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved November 7, 2007. Billah, K.; Scanlan, R. (1991). "Resonance, Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. Undergraduate Physics Textbooks. 59 (2): 118–124. doi:10.1119/1.16590. "The Point of Fort Point: A Brief History". Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved November 2, 2018. "The American Experience:Charles Alton Ellis (1876–1949)". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved November 7, 2007. Jackson, Donald C. (1995) "Great American Bridges and Dams" John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-471-14385-5 "Bridging the Bay: Bridges That Never Were". UC Berkeley Library. Retrieved February 19, 2007. Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2019). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved April 6, 2019. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series. "72 years ago today, iconic Golden Gate Bridge finished construction ahead of schedule & $1.3 million under budget". May 27, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2013. "Life On The American Newsfront: Ten Men Fall To Death From Golden Gate Bridge". Life: 20–21. March 1, 1937. "Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved November 7, 2007. King, John (May 25, 2012). "Golden Gate Bridge's Plaza Flawed but Workable". San Francisco Chronicle. Kligman, David (May 25, 2012). "From Sea to Shining Sea: PG&E's Earley Joins Tribute to Golden Gate Bridge". Currents. PG&E. San Francisco Examiner. May 27, 1982. No. 147, p. 2. Golden Gate Bridge – 45th anniversary of completion. http://goldengate.org/exhibits/bridge-deck-torsional-resistance-retrofit.php Tung, Stephen (May 23, 2012). "The Day the Golden Gate Bridge Flattened". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved January 17, 2016. Pollalis, Spiro N.; Otto, Caroline (1990). "THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE" (PDF). Harvard Design School. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2011. McCarthy, Terrence (May 26, 1987). "Golden Gate Crowd Made Bridge Bend". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2011. Prado, Mark (July 23, 2010). "Golden Gate Bridge officials nix walk for 75th anniversary". Marin Independent Journal. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2011. "Golden Gate Festival :: Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary". Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy. Retrieved March 21, 2012. Fowler, Geoffrey A. (May 24, 2012). "A Historian's Long View of Golden Gate Bridge". The Wall Street Journal. pp. A13C. Retrieved August 31, 2013. "Bridge Design and Construction Statistics". goldengatebridge.org. Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved November 27, 2017. "Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge: How many rivets are in each tower of the Golden Gate Bridge?". goldengatebridge.org. Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved November 5, 2018. "A History of BART". Retrieved November 5, 2018. "Rapid Transit for the San Francisco Bay Area" (PDF). LA Metro Library. Parsons Brinkerhoff / Tudor / Bechtel. Retrieved July 21, 2018. Prado, Mark (August 7, 2010). "Did Marin lose out on BART?". Marin Independent Journal. Retrieved May 3, 2019. Ammann, Othmar H.; Masters, Frank M.; Newmark, Nathan M. (April 1962). Report on Proposed Installation of Rapid Transit Trains on Golden Gate Bridge (Report). Golden Gate Bridge And Highway District. p. 8. "Golden Gate Bridge: Construction Data". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved August 20, 2007. Stamberg, Susan. "The Golden Gate Bridge's Accidental Color". NPR. Retrieved April 27, 2011. Rodriguez, Joseph A.; Urban Rivalry in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1930s (2000). "Planning". Journal of Planning Education and Research. 20: 66–76. doi:10.1177/073945600128992609. "Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved March 12, 2008. "Golden Gate Bridge: Construction Data: How Many Ironworkers and Painters Maintain the Golden Gate Bridge?". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. 2006. Retrieved April 13, 2006. "Toll Rates & Traffic Operations". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved December 3, 2013. "Roadway Configuration / Reversible Lanes". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved December 23, 2012. "Additional Information – Movable Median Barrier Project". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved September 29, 2014.[dead link] "Key Dates". Research Library. Retrieved December 11, 2007. Asimov, Nanette (January 11, 2015). "Golden Gate Bridge work finished early as barrier is installed". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved January 11, 2015. Lucas, Scott (July 18, 2013). "Kevin Hines Is Still Alive". Modern Luxury. Retrieved July 18, 2013. The Golden Gate Bridge, Sidewalk Access for Pedestrians and Bicyclists. Goldengatebridge.org. Retrieved June 14, 2013. "Muni Route 76X Marin Headlands". San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. Retrieved July 2, 2014. "Golden Gate Transit bus service" (PDF). Golden Gate Transit. Retrieved August 19, 2012. "Muni Route 28 19th Avenue". San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. Retrieved August 19, 2012. "Marin Airporter, SFO Airport Transportation, Bus Service, Marin County, CA". Marin Airporter. "Site Improvements". Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary. Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved January 12, 2015. "H. Dana Bowers Rest Area". California Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 2, 2016. 2015 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California (PDF). California Department of Transportation. pp. 183, 205. Retrieved June 2, 2016. Animals – Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service). Retrieved on July 30, 2017 The SFGate. 2015. Whale, sea lions put on a show near Golden Gate Bridge. Retrieved on July 30, 2017 GOLDEN GATE CETACEAN RESEARCH. Retrieved on July 30, 2017 Keener B.. 2017. Ask The Naturalist: Why Are There Humpback Whales In the San Francisco Bay Right Now?. Retrieved on July 30, 2017 Woodrow M.. 2017. Experts concerned about whale safety in San Francisco Bay. The ABC7. Retrieved on July 30, 2017 "Traffic/Toll Data". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved June 3, 2018. Curiel, Jonathan (October 27, 2007). "Golden Gate Bridge directors reject sponsorship proposals". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 27, 2007. "Partnership Program Status". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved October 27, 2007. Cabanatuan, Michael (January 29, 2011). "Golden Gate Bridge to eliminate toll takers". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 30, 2011. "Toll 2014". Goldengate.org. April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014. Cabanatuan, Michael (April 7, 2014). "Tolls for crossing Golden Gate Bridge rise $1". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 26, 2014. "Summary of Recommendations, February 27, 2014" (PDF). Board of Directors. Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. pp. 5–6. Retrieved May 24, 2015. Bolling, David (May 29, 2008). "GG Bridge tolls could top $7, June 11 meeting will set new rates". Sonoma Index-Tribune.[dead link] The San Francisco Chronicle (March 19, 2008). "Congestion Pricing Approved for Golden Gate Bridge". planetizen.com. Retrieved April 3, 2008. Cabanatuan, Michael (March 15, 2008). "Bridge raises tolls, denies Doyle Dr. funds". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 3, 2008. "Mobility, Access and Pricing Study". San Francisco County Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 22, 2009. Wollan, Malia (January 4, 2009). "San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2009. Cabanatuan, Michael (August 12, 2008). "Golden Gate Bridge congestion toll plan dies". San Francisco Chronicle. Bone, James (October 13, 2008). "Golden Gate bridge in San Fransico [sic] gets safety net to deter suicides". The Times. New York. Retrieved October 23, 2008. "Suspension Bridges" (PDF). snu.ac.kr. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2003. Koopman, John, Staff Writer (November 2, 2005). "LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death: Suicide by bridge is gruesome, and death is almost certain. The fourth in a seven-part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 3, 2014. Bateson, John (September 29, 2013). "The suicide magnet that is the Golden Gate Bridge". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 14, 2013. "Suicide Barriers Going Up At Golden Gate Bridge After Over 1.5K Deaths". CBS San Francisco. CBS Broadcasting Inc. April 13, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017. Nolte, Carl (May 28, 2007). "70 YEARS: Spanning the Golden Gate:New will blend in with the old as part of bridge earthquake retrofit project". San Francisco Chronicle. Showing fancy foot work. Roads&Bridges (December 28, 2000). Golden Gate Bridge Authority (May 2008). "Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit". Retrieved June 21, 2008. Gonchar, Joann (January 3, 2005). "Famed Golden Gate Span Undergoes Complex Seismic Revamp". McGraw-Hill Construction. Retrieved June 21, 2008. "Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive". Presidio Parkway Project. Retrieved May 6, 2010. "Doyle Drive Replacement Project". Doyle Drive Replacement Project. San Francisco County Transportation Authority. Retrieved May 6, 2010. Cabanatuan, Michael (January 5, 2010). "Doyle Drive makeover will affect drivers soon". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 6, 2010. "Current Construction Activity". Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive. Presidio Parkway. Retrieved May 6, 2010. "SMITH: It's wrecked, but it's still 'Doyle Drive'". Press Democrat. Retrieved May 1, 2012. Further reading Cassady, Stephen (1979). Spanning the Gate (Commemorative edition, 1987 ed.). Squarebooks. Dyble, Louise Nelson; the Golden Gate Bridge (2009). Paying the Toll: Local Power, Regional Politics. University of Pennsylvania Press. Friend, Tad (October 13, 2003). "Jumpers: The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge". The New Yorker. 79 (30). p. 48. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006. Guthman, Edward; an easy route to death have long made the Golden Gate Bridge a magnet for suicides (October 30, 2005). "Lethal Beauty / The Allure: Beauty". San Francisco Chronicle. Schwartz, Harvey (2015). Building the Golden Gate Bridge: A Workers' Oral History. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295995069. Starr, Kevin (2010). Golden Gate: The Life and Times of America's Greatest Bridge. Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-534-3. Steel, Eric (2006). The Bridge. (Documentary film regarding suicides occurring at the Golden Gate Bridge.) "Golden Gate Bridge Natural Frequencies". Vibrationdata.com. April 5, 2006. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Golden Gate Bridge (category) Official website Edit this at Wikidata Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. CA-31, "Golden Gate Bridge", 41 photos, 6 color transparencies, 2 data pages, 4 photo caption pages Links for Golden Gate Bridge at Curlie "Images of the Golden Gate Bridge". San Francisco Public Library's Historical Photograph database. Marshal 'J' (Narrator) (1962). "The Bridge Builders". KPIX-TV. (A documentary film about the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge.) "Live Toll Prices for Golden Gate Bridge". Batolls.info. "San Francisco To Have World's Greatest Bridge". Popular Science. March 1931. "Golden Gate Bridge facts". sftodo.com. (Educational poster.) "End of Land Sadness – The history of Suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge". Golden Gate Bridge Movie. 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and marinas Port of San Francisco Port of Oakland Port of Richmond Hunters Point Naval Shipyard Mare Island Naval Shipyard Port of Redwood City Berkeley Marina Oyster Point Marina/Park Clipper Yacht Harbor Westpoint Harbor Foster City Marina (proposed) Other Discovery Site Humphrey the Whale Cosco Busan oil spill Delta and Dawn Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve Ridgway's rail/California clapper rail Reber Plan San Leandro Oyster Beds Thicktail chub Delta smelt Richmond Shipyards U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model Guadalupe watershed Clifton Court Forebay Conservation and Development Commission The Watershed Project Save The Bay Harold Gilliam Marincello Citizens for East Shore Parks Friends of Five Creeks Urban Creeks Council Cargill salt infill 1971 oil spill Greenbelt Alliance The Bay Institute San Francisco Baykeeper San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science Water Trail Estuary Partnership Leslie Salt Alcatraz Island Location San Francisco Bay, California, U.S. Nearest city San Francisco, California Coordinates 37°49′36″N 122°25′22″WCoordinates: 37°49′36″N 122°25′22″W Area 22 acres (8.9 ha)[1] Established 1934 Governing body National Park Service Website Alcatraz Island Alcatraz U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark District Alcatraz Island Flowers.jpg The Social Hall, destroyed by fire during the Native American occupation. Area 47 acres (19 ha)[2] Built 1847 Architect U.S. Army, Bureau of Prisons; U.S. Army Architectural style Mission/Spanish Revival NRHP reference # 76000209[2] Significant dates Added to NRHP June 23, 1976[2] Designated NHLD January 17, 1986[3] Alcatraz Island (/ˈælkəˌtræz/) is located in San Francisco Bay, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) offshore from San Francisco, California, United States.[1] The small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison, and a federal prison from 1934 until 21 March 1963.[4] Beginning in November 1969, the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of Native Americans from San Francisco, who were part of a wave of Native American activism across the U.S., with public protests through the 1970s. In 1972, Alcatraz became part of a national recreation area and received designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. Today, the island's facilities are managed by the National Park Service as part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area; it is open to tours. Visitors can reach the island in a little under 15 minutes by ferry ride from Pier 33, located between the San Francisco Ferry Building and Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco. Hornblower Cruises and Events, operating under the name Alcatraz Cruises, is the official ferry provider to and from the island. Alcatraz Island is home to the abandoned prison, the site of the oldest operating lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States, early military fortifications, and natural features such as rock pools and a seabird colony (mostly western gulls, cormorants, and egrets). According to a 1971 documentary on the history of Alcatraz, the island measures 1,675 feet (511 m) by 590 feet (180 m) and is 135 feet (41 m) at highest point during mean tide.[5] The total area of the island is reported to be 22 acres (8.9 ha).[1] Landmarks on the island include the Main Cellhouse, Dining Hall, Lighthouse, the ruins of the Warden's House and Social Hall, Parade Grounds, Building 64, Water Tower, New Industries Building, Model Industries Building, and the Recreation Yard. History Alcatraz Island, 1895. Alcatraz in the dawn mist, from the east. The "parade ground" is at left. Alcatraz Island and lighthouse at sunset The water tower and powerhouse (at right), which generated electricity for the island. A model of Military Point Alcatraz, 1866–1868, now on display at Alcatraz Island The first Spaniard to document the island was Juan Manuel de Ayala, who charted San Francisco Bay in 1775 and named one of the three islands he identified as "La Isla de los Alcatraces", which translates as "The Island of the Gannets" but is commonly believed to translate as "The Island of the Pelicans (Spanish for Pelicans is Pelicanos)",[6][7][8][9][10][11] from the archaic Spanish alcatraz ("pelican"). Over the years, the Spanish version "Alcatraz" became popular and is now widely used. In August 1827, French Captain Auguste Bernard Duhaut-Cilly wrote "... running past Alcatraze's (Pelicans) Island ... covered with a countless number of these birds. A gun fired over the feathered legions caused them to fly up in a great cloud and with a noise like a hurricane."[12] The California brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus) is not known to nest on the island today. The Spanish built several small buildings on the island and other minor structures.[5] Fort Alcatraz The earliest recorded owner of the island of Alcatraz is Julian Workman, to whom it was given by Mexican governor Pio Pico in June 1846, with the understanding that Workman would build a lighthouse on it.[13] Julian Workman is the baptismal name of William Workman, co-owner of Rancho La Puente and personal friend of Pio Pico. Later in 1846, acting in his capacity as Military Governor of California, John C. Frémont, champion of Manifest Destiny and leader of the Bear Flag Republic, bought the island for $5,000 in the name of the United States government from Francis Temple.[5][14][15] In 1850, President Millard Fillmore ordered that Alcatraz Island be set aside specifically as a United States military reservation,[10] for military purposes based upon the U.S. acquisition of California from Mexico following the Mexican–American War.[16] Frémont had expected a large compensation for his initiative in purchasing and securing Alcatraz Island for the U.S. government, but the U.S. government later invalidated the sale and paid Frémont nothing. Frémont and his heirs sued for compensation during protracted but unsuccessful legal battles that extended into the 1890s.[16] The lighthouse tower adjacent to the prison cell house Following the acquisition of California by the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) which ended the Mexican–American War, and the onset of the California Gold Rush the following year, the U.S. Army began studying the suitability of Alcatraz Island for the positioning of coastal batteries to protect the approaches to San Francisco Bay. In 1853, under the direction of Zealous B. Tower, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began fortifying the island, work which continued until 1858, when the initial version of Fort Alcatraz was complete. The island's first garrison, numbering about 200 soldiers, arrived at the end of that year. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, the island mounted 85 cannons (increased to 105 cannons by 1866) in casemates around its perimeter, though the small size of the garrison meant only a fraction of the guns could be used at one time. At this time it also served as the San Francisco Arsenal for storage of firearms to prevent them falling into the hands of Confederate sympathizers.[17] Alcatraz, built as a "heavily fortified military site on the West Coast", was to form a "triangle of defense" with Fort Point and Lime Point, but the contemplated work on Lime Point was never built. The first operational lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States was also built on Alcatraz. During the war, Fort Alcatraz was used to imprison Confederate sympathizers and privateers on the west coast, but never fired its guns at an enemy. [18] Studies in 2018 by archeologists using ground-penetrating radar and laser scans[19] found the remains of structures, ammunition magazines, and tunnels below the penitentiary that was built later.[20][21] Military prison Main article: Fort Alcatraz Because of its isolation from the outside by the cold, strong, tremendous currents of the waters of San Francisco Bay, Alcatraz was used to house soldiers who were guilty of crimes as early as 1859. By 1861, the fort was the military prison for the Department of the Pacific and housed Civil War prisoners of war (POWs) as early as that year. Alcatraz citadel built in the early 1850s; 1908 photo Starting in 1863, the military also held private citizens accused of treason, after the writ of habeas corpus in the United States was suspended.[22] The Civil War era saw rapid changes in artillery and fortification. Alcatraz‘s defences were obsolescent. Modernization efforts, including an ambitious plan to level the entire island and construct shell-proof underground magazines and tunnels, were undertaken between 1870 and 1876 but never completed (the so-called "parade ground" on the southern tip of the island represents the extent of the flattening effort).[23] Instead, the army switched the focus of its plans for Alcatraz from coastal defense to detention, a task for which it was well suited because of its isolation. In 1867, a brick jailhouse was built (previously inmates had been kept in the basem*nt of the guardhouse), and in 1868, Alcatraz was officially designated a long-term detention facility for military prisoners. The facility was later discontinued for POWs in 1946. Among those incarcerated at Alcatraz were Confederates caught on the West Coast[5] and some Hopi Native American men in the 1870s.[24] In 1898, the Spanish–American War increased the prison population from 26 to over 450, and from 1905 to 1907 it was commanded by U.S. Army General George W. McIver. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, civilian prisoners were transferred to Alcatraz for safe confinement. On March 21, 1907, Alcatraz was officially designated as the Western U.S. Military Prison, later Pacific Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, 1915.[17] In 1909 construction began on the huge concrete main cell block, designed by Major Reuben Turner, which remains the island's dominant feature. It was completed in 1912. To accommodate the new cell block, the Citadel, a three-story barracks, was demolished down to the first floor, which was actually below ground level. The building had been constructed in an excavated pit creating a defensive dry moat. The first floor was then incorporated as a basem*nt to the new cell block, giving rise to the popular legend of "dungeons" below the main cell block. The US Disciplinary Barracks was deactivated in October 1933 and transferred to the Bureau of Prisons.[17] During World War I, the prison held conscientious objectors, including Philip Grosser, who wrote a pamphlet entitled Uncle Sam's Devil's Island about his experiences.[25] Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary Main article: Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary An exterior view of the Alcatraz main cell block from the exercise yard. The United States Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz were acquired by the United States Department of Justice on October 12, 1933, and the island became a federal prison in August 1934. Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons.[26] At 9:40 am on August 11, 1934, the first batch of 137 prisoners arrived at Alcatraz, arriving by railroad from the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas at Santa Venetia, California, before being escorted to Alcatraz, handcuffed in high security coaches and guarded by some 60 special FBI agents, U.S. Marshals and railway security officials.[5][27] Most of the prisoners were notorious bank robbers and murderers.[5] The prison initially had a staff of 155, including the first warden James A. Johnston and associate warden J. E. Shuttleworth, both considered to be "iron men".[5] The staff were highly trained in security, but not rehabilitation.[5] Cell 181 in Alcatraz where Al Capone was imprisoned During the 29 years it was in use, the jail held some of the most notorious criminals in American history,[5] such as Al Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud (the "Birdman of Alcatraz"), George "Machine Gun" Kelly, Bumpy Johnson, Rafael Cancel Miranda (a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party who attacked the United States Capitol building in 1954),[28] Mickey Cohen, Arthur R. "Doc" Barker, and Alvin "Creepy" Karpis (who served more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate). It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prisons staff and their families. During its 29 years of operation, the penitentiary claimed that no prisoner successfully escaped. A total of 36 prisoners made 14 escape attempts, two men trying twice; 23 were caught alive, six were shot and killed during their escape, two drowned, and five are listed as "missing and presumed drowned".[29] The most violent occurred on May 2, 1946, when a failed escape attempt by six prisoners led to the Battle of Alcatraz. On June 11, 1962, Frank Morris, John Anglin, and Clarence Anglin carried out one of the most intricate escapes ever devised. Post-prison years Because the penitentiary cost much more to operate than other prisons (nearly $10 per prisoner per day, as opposed to $3 per prisoner per day at Atlanta),[30] and half a century of salt water saturation had severely eroded the buildings, then Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered the penitentiary closed on March 21, 1963. In addition, citizens were increasingly protesting the environmental effects of sewage released into San Francisco Bay from the approximately 250 inmates and 60 Bureau of Prisons families on the island. That year, the United States Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, on land, opened as the replacement facility for Alcatraz. Native American occupation Main article: Occupation of Alcatraz A lingering sign of the 1969–71 Native American occupation Alcatraz Island was occupied by Native American activists for the first time on March 8, 1964. The event was reported by, among others, the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Examiner. Beginning on November 20, 1969, a group of Native Americans called United Indians of All Tribes, mostly college students from San Francisco, occupied the island to protest federal policies related to American Indians. Some of them were children of Native Americans who had relocated in the city as part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs' (BIA) Indian termination policy, which was a series of laws and policies aimed at the assimilation of Native Americans into mainstream American society, particularly by encouraging Native Americans to move away from the Indian reservations and into cities. A number of employees of the Bureau of Indian Affairs also occupied Alcatraz at that time, including Doris Purdy, an amateur photographer, who later produced footage of her stay on the island.[31] The occupiers, who stayed on the island for nearly two years, demanded the island's facilities be adapted and new structures built for an Indian education center, ecology center and cultural center. The American Indians claimed the island by provisions of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) between the US and the Sioux; they said the treaty promised to return all retired, abandoned, or out-of-use federal lands to the native peoples from whom they were acquired. Indians of All Tribes then claimed Alcatraz Island by the "Right of Discovery", as indigenous peoples knew it thousands of years before any Europeans had come to North America. Begun by urban Indians of San Francisco, the occupation attracted other Native Americans from across the country, including American Indian Movement (AIM) urban activists from Minneapolis. The Alcatraz cellhouse, lighthouse, and Warden's House, which was burned out during the 1969–71 Native American occupation The Native Americans demanded reparation for the many treaties broken by the US government and for the lands that were taken from so many tribes. In discussing the Right of Discovery, the historian Troy R. Johnson states in The Occupation of Alcatraz Island, that indigenous peoples knew about Alcatraz at least 10,000 years before any European knew about any part of North America. During the nineteen months and nine days of occupation by the American Indians, several buildings at Alcatraz were damaged or destroyed by fire, including the lighthouse keeper's home, the warden's home, the Officers' Club,[32] the recreation hall and the Coast Guard quarters. The origin of the fires is disputed. The U.S. government demolished a number of other buildings (mostly apartments) after the occupation had ended. Graffiti from the period of Native American occupation is still visible at many locations on the island.[33] During the occupation, President Richard Nixon rescinded the Indian termination policy, designed by earlier administrations to end federal recognition of tribes and their special relationship with the US government. He established a new policy of self-determination, in part as a result of the publicity and awareness created by the occupation. The occupation ended on June 11, 1971.[34] Landmarks Main article: List of Alcatraz Island features Part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area since 1972, the entire Alcatraz Island was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976,[2] and was further declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.[3][35] In 1993, the National Park Service published a plan entitled Alcatraz Development Concept and Environmental Assessment.[36] This plan, approved in 1980, doubled the amount of Alcatraz accessible to the public to enable visitors to enjoy its scenery and bird, marine, and animal life.[37] Map of Alcatraz Baker Beach Boat Dock Building 64 Citadel Dining Hall Former Military Chapel (Bachelor Quarters) Helipad Library Lighthouse Main Cellhouse Model Industries Building Morgue New Industries Building Officers' Club Parade Grounds Power House Recreation Yard Wardens House Water Tower Development Today, American Indigenous groups, such as the International Indian Treaty Council, hold ceremonies on the island, most notably, their "Sunrise Gatherings" every Columbus Day and Thanksgiving Day. The Global Peace Foundation proposed to raze the prison and build a peace center in its place. During the previous year, supporters collected 10,350 signatures that placed it on the presidential primary ballots in San Francisco for February 5, 2008.[38] The proposed plan was estimated at $1 billion. For the plan to pass, Congress would have to have taken Alcatraz out of the National Park Service. Critics of the plan said that Alcatraz is too rich in history to be destroyed.[39] On February 6, 2008, the Alcatraz Island Global Peace Center Proposition C failed to pass, with 72% of voters rejecting the proposition.[40] The coastal environment of the San Francisco Bay Area has caused deterioration and corrosion of building materials throughout Alcatraz. Beginning in 2011, the National Park Service began major renovations on the island, including the installation of solar panels on the cell house roof, slope stabilization near the Warden's House and the stabilization and rehabilitation of the outer cell house walls. Alcatraz Boat Dock.jpg One of San Francisco's major tourist attractions, Alcatraz drew some 1.7 million visitors annually according to a 2018 report.[41] Visitors arrive by ferry, operated under contract by Alcatraz Cruises LLC at Pier 33.[42] The 2018 report indicated that "former prison buildings are being conserved and seismically upgraded and additional areas of the Island are opened to the public as safety hazards are removed".[43] Art Recently, Alcatraz has been home to several art installations. The Chinese artist/dissident Ai Weiwei staged an exhibition which explored "questions about human rights and freedom of expression" called @Large.[44] This 2014 exhibit included Lego portraits of famous political prisoners. In 2016, Nelson Saiers used math and prison slang as central elements in a six-month installation that addressed irrationally long prison sentences.[45][46] Fauna and flora Habitat Brandt's cormorant nesting on Alcatraz Island Cisterns. A bluff that, because of its moist crevices, is believed to be an important site for California slender salamanders. Cliff tops at the island's north end. Containing a onetime manufacturing building and a plaza, the area is listed as important to nesting and roosting birds. The powerhouse area. A steep embankment where native grassland and creeping wild rye support a habitat for deer mice. Tide pools. A series of them, created by long-ago quarrying activities, contains still-unidentified invertebrate species and marine algae.[citation needed] They form one of the few tide-pool complexes in the bay, according to the report. Western cliffs and cliff tops. Rising to heights of nearly 100 feet (30 m), they provide nesting and roosting sites for seabirds including pigeon guillemots, cormorants, Heermann's gulls, and western gulls. Harbor seals can occasionally be seen on a small beach at the base. The parade grounds. Carved from the hillside during the late 19th century and covered with rubble since the government demolished guard housing in 1971, the area has become a habitat and breeding ground for black-crowned night herons, western gulls, slender salamanders, and deer mice. The Agave Path, a trail named for its dense growth of agave. Located atop a shoreline bulkhead on the south side, it provides a nesting habitat for night herons. Alcatraz prison and its surroundings. Flora This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Flowers on Alcatraz Gardens planted by families of the original Army post, and later by families of the prison guards, fell into neglect after the prison closure in 1963. After 40 years, they are being restored by a paid staff member and many volunteers, thanks to funding by the Garden Conservancy and the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy. The untended gardens had become severely overgrown and had developed into a nesting habitat and sanctuary for numerous birds. Now, areas of bird habitat are being preserved and protected, while many of the gardens are being restored to their original state. In clearing out the overgrowth, workers found that many of the original plants were growing where they had been planted – some more than 100 years ago. Numerous heirloom rose hybrids, including a Welsh rose (Bardou Job) that had been believed to be extinct, have been discovered and propagated. Many species of roses, succulents, and geraniums are growing among apple and fig trees, banks of sweet peas, manicured gardens of cutting flowers, and wildly overgrown sections of native grasses with blackberry and honeysuckle. In popular culture Main article: Alcatraz Island in popular culture Alcatraz Island appears often in media and popular culture, including films dating from 1962: The Book of Eli (2010), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), Catch Me If You Can (2002), The Rock (1996), Murder in the First (1995), Escape from Alcatraz (1979), The Enforcer (1976), Point Blank (1967) , Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) and J. J. Abrams' 2012 television series Alcatraz. It also was featured in the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters anime, in the book Al Capone Does My Shirts, in the video game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4 as a playable level, and in the video game Call of Duty: Black Ops II in a downloadable zombie survival map called "Mob of the Dead". It is also featured as a playable racetrack in the 1996 arcade racing video game San Francisco Rush: Extreme Racing. Alcatraz has also been portrayed often as a safe haven or base of operations in many post-apocalyptic movies, such as The Book of Eli. Alcatraz even appears in The Alchemyst and The Sorceress by author Michael Scott and is depicted as a prison for the immortal Perenelle Flamel. Alcatraz is featured in the episode "Bird Mummy of Alcatraz" in the children's program, Mummies Alive! and was also featured in a mission in the video game Watch Dogs 2. Alcatraz is also featured as a downloadable map in the video game The Escapists. Alcatraz is also featured in the video game Call of Duty: Black Ops IIII's Zombie Level "Blood of the Dead". Gallery A panorama of Alcatraz as viewed from San Francisco Bay, facing east. Sather Tower and UC Berkeley are visible in the background on the right. (Drag image left and right to show full panorama.) Different view of the Water Tower built in 1940. Alcatraz Utility House and Power Plant Chimney, built in 1939. School House (two story building in the middle) and the Electric Repair shop (foreground) built in 1930s. Views of both long sides of the island. Alcatraz Island harbor guards tower. Alcatraz Island view from the west. Image shot from an altitude of approximately 1,800 ft (549 m). Alcatraz view from tour boat. See also Asinara Château d'If Devil's Island List of islands of California Robben Island Fort Denison Cellular Jail SF From Marin Highlands3.jpgSan Francisco Bay Area portalGreat Seal of the United States (obverse).svgGovernment of the United States portalPrisonbars.svgPrisons portalIcône Ile.svgIslands portal References "Alcatraz Island". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2009. National Park Service (January 23, 2007). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. "Alcatraz Island". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2007. Odier, Odier (1982). The Rock: A History of Alcatraz: The Fort/The Prison. L'Image Odier. ISBN 0-9611632-0-8. "This Is An Alcatraz Documentary (Part 1)". Narrated by Howard Duff. 1971. Retrieved August 30, 2012. "Alcatraz Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. "The March of Portolá and the Log of the San Carlos – Zoeth S. Eldredge & E. J. Molera – Log of the San Carlos". Books-about-california.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011. "The History of Alcatraz Island". Alcatrazhistory.com. Retrieved January 24, 2011. "History: Military Fortress". Alcatrazcruises.com. Retrieved January 24, 2011. "BOP: Alcatraz". Bop.gov. Archived from the original on January 9, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011. "Alcatraz Island – History & Culture (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. March 27, 2010. Archived from the original on February 28, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011. Auguste Duhaut-Cilly (1999). A Voyage to California, the Sandwich Islands, and Around the World in the Years 1826–1829. University of California Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-520-21752-2. The Rock (1915). "A Brief History of the Island of Alcatraz". The Rock. Improvement Fund, Pacific Branch United States Disciplinary Barracks, Alcatraz, California. 1 (January): 3. "Full text of "The expeditions of John Charles Frémont"". Archive.org. Retrieved January 24, 2011. "h2g2 – Alcatraz, San Francisco, California, USA". BBC. Retrieved January 24, 2011. "Alcatraz-World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". Nps.gov. Retrieved January 24, 2011. Hannings, Bud (March 2005). Forts of the United States: An Historical Dictionary, 16th Through 19th Centuries. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co Inc. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7864-1796-4. "Historic Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields: Post at Alcatraz Island". Militarymuseum.org. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011. . Wiley. January 17, 2019 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/nsg.12031. Retrieved March 7, 2019. Alcatraz is less known in its former military role as a 19th‐century coastal fortification protecting the interests of a rapidly westward‐expanding nation during the turbulent era of Manifest Destiny, the 1849 Gold Rush and the Civil War. The fortification, with its underground ammunition magazines and tunnels, is important from a military history perspective Missing or empty |title= (help) "Archeologists find hidden tunnels below Alcatraz prison". National Post. March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2019. "The fate of the historic fortifications at Alcatraz island based on terrestrial laser scans and ground-penetrating radar interpretations from the recreation yard". Near Surface Geophysics. January 14, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2019. Alcatraz is less known in its former military role as a 19th-century coastal fortification protecting the interests of a rapidly westward-expandingnation during the turbulent era of Manifest Destiny, the 1849 Gold Rush and the CivilWar. The fortification, with its underground ammunition magazines and tunnels, isimportant from a military history perspective, marking the transition to earthen struc-tures from the traditional brick and masonry constructions that characterized earlier19th-century coastal defences. "Civil War at Alcatraz". National Park Service. March 19, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2019. the army continued to work on Alcatraz throughout 1860 and 1861, expanding and improving the island’s existing fortifications. The military also used the island as a training ground for soldiers. New troops continually arrived on the island, underwent training, and departed for other assignments. With many new enlistees, the military personnel on Alcatraz increased to over 350 by the end of April 1861. The army slowly increased the number of men assigned to Alcatraz throughout the Civil War, reaching a high point of 433 men in early 1865. The army shipped most of these soldiers out to the Southwestern frontier; however, some were sent to battlefields in the East. Alcatraz Preservation Project: Exposing the Layers of An American Landmark (pamphlet), Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, 2003. "The most painful story of resistance to assimilation programs and compulsory school attendance laws involved the Hopis in Arizona, who surrendered a group of men to the military rather than voluntarily relinquish their children. The Hopi men served time in federal prison at Alcatraz". Child, Brenda J. (February 2000). Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900–1940. University of Nebraska Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-8032-6405-4. Grosser, P., Block, H., Blackwell, A. S., & Berkman, A. (1933). Uncle Sam's Devil's Island: Experiences of a Conscientious Objector in America during the World War. Boston Oliver, Marilyn Tower (1998). Alcatraz Prison in American HIstory. Berkley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers Inc. p. 9. ISBN 0-89490-990-8. "For Desperate or Irredeemable Types United States Federal Penitentiary Alcatraz". A History of Alcatraz Island, 1847–1972, Historic Resources Study. Retrieved September 6, 2012. "Former Alcatraz inmate speaks about his time", San Francisco Examiner, by D. Morita; October 9, 2009 "Alcatraz Escape Attempts". Alcatrazhistory.com. Retrieved January 24, 2011. Ocean View Publishing Company. "A Brief History of Alcatraz, p. 5". Alcatrazhistory.com. Retrieved July 18, 2012. Occupation of Alcatraz, 11-29-1969. YouTube. November 27, 2008. . Federal Bureau of Prisons. March 11, 1016 https://www.bop.gov/about/history/alcatraz.jsp. Retrieved February 7, 2019. much damage occurred (graffiti, vandalism, and a fire that destroyed the lighthouse keeper's home, the Warden's home, and the Officers' Club) Missing or empty |title= (help) Alcatraz Island Archived September 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, California State University Long Beach Indians of All Tribes, Alcatraz Is Not an Island, Berkeley, Wingbow Press, 1972 Stephen A. Haller (April 15, 1985). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Alcatraz Island / La Isla de los Alcatraces / Fort Alcatraz / The Post at Alcatraz / Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison / U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Alcatraz Island / United States Penitentiary ad Alcatraz Island" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved June 21, 2009. and Accompanying 18 photos, exterior and interior, from 1985, 1980, and undated. (4.03 MB) https://web.archive.org/web/20061015075505/https://www.nps.gov/archive/goga/admin/planning/alca-eis/doc/chap1.doc Adams, Gerald D., Alcatraz Proposal Highlights Wildlife Plan Would Open Up More of Rock, San Francisco Examiner (July 27, 1993), News section, p. A1. "Voters consider changing Alcatraz to peace center". Reuters. February 4, 2008. Locke, Michelle (February 2, 2008). "LJWorld.com / Activist wants to transform Alcatraz into global peace center". .ljworld.com. Retrieved January 24, 2011. "Elections and Results | KNTV Bay Area". NBC 11. Retrieved January 24, 2011. . Hornblower. October 9, 2018 https://www.alcatrazcruises.com/blog/2018/10/09/ggnra-is-one-of-the-largest-urban-parks-in-the-world/. Retrieved March 7, 2019. Missing or empty |title= (help) . National Park Service. January 7, 2019 https://www.nps.gov/alca/planyourvisit/directions.htm. Retrieved March 7, 2019. Missing or empty |title= (help) . Hornblower. October 9, 2018 https://www.alcatrazcruises.com/blog/2018/10/09/ggnra-is-one-of-the-largest-urban-parks-in-the-world/. Retrieved March 7, 2019. Missing or empty |title= (help) "@Large Ai Weiwei on Alcatraz". NPS.GOV. Levi, Ryan. "Alcatraz Displays Irrational Numbers & Irrationally Long Prison Sentences". KQED.ORG. Andrews, David. "'Hung Out to Dry': New Alcatraz art exhibit examines prison industrial complex". SFGATE.COM. Further reading Erwin N. Thompson. "The Rock: A history of Alcatraz Island, 1847–1972" (PDF). National Park Service. United States Department of Interior. The Rock (1915). "A Brief History of the Island of Alcatraz (continued in multiple issues)". The Rock. Improvement Fund, Pacific Branch United States Disciplinary Barracks, Alcatraz, California. 1 (January): 3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alcatraz Island. This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Official website Edit this at Wikidata AlcatrazHistory.com: Alcatraz History website – homepage Alldocumentaries.org: Alcatraz History documentary movie American Devils Island Holds Toughest Prisoners – Popular Science (February 1935). Federal Bureau of Prisons.gov: "A Brief History of Alcatraz" California State Military Museum.org: The Post at Alcatraz Island 2012 KDRTradio.org: Interview with former Alcatraz convict Robert Luke Report on the 1962 Alcatraz escape incident – (from the FBI FOIA electronic reading room). Mapicurious.com: Map of Alcatraz – with marker pictures. Alcatraz: A Prison as Disneyland. Chris Hedges (December 2014). Alcatraz Island, Part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, National Park Service at Google Cultural Institute vte Alcatraz Island Alcatraz03182006.jpg General Fort Alcatraz General McPherson (ship) Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary Battle of Alcatraz June 1962 escape from Alcatraz (book · film) Occupation of Alcatraz Alcatraz Island in popular culture Legends of Alcatraz Buildings Main Cellhouse Dining Hall Hospital Library Warden's House Building 64 Former Military Chapel (Bachelor Quarters) Social Hall Morgue New Industries Building Model Industries Building Lighthouse Power House Water Tower Grounds Baker Beach Little Alcatraz Recreation Yard Wharf Lists Features Inmates Escape attempts People Fort commanders James B. McPherson Joseph Stewart William A. Winder Wardens James A. Johnston (1934–1948) Edwin B. Swope (1948–1955) Paul J. Madigan (1955–1961) Olin G. Blackwell (1961–1963) Associate wardens Cecil J. Shuttleworth (1934–1937) Edward J. Miller (1937–1947) Paul J. Madigan (1947–1955) Olin G. Blackwell (1959–1961) Arthur M. Dollison (1961–1963) Richard J. Willard (1961–1963) Notable inmates Harvey Bailey ("The Dean of American Bank Robbers") Basil Banghart ("The Owl") Arthur Barker ("Doc") Albert L. Bates Joseph Bowers ("Dutch") James Bulger ("Whitey") Al Capone ("Scarface") Meyer Cohen ("Mickey") Theodore Cole ("Ted") Bernard Coy Joseph Cretzer Volney Davis ("Curley") Herbert Farmer ("Deafy") Rufus Franklin John Giles Ellsworth Raymond Johnson ("Bumpy") Alvin Francis Karpavicz ("Creepy Karpis") George Celino Barnes ("Machine Gun Kelly") Thomas Limerick James Lucas ("Texas Bank Robber") Rafael Cancel Miranda Rufus McCain Rufe Persful Ralph Roe Sam Shockley Robert Stroud ("Birdman of Alcatraz") Henri Young vte Golden Gate National Recreation Area Parks Marin County Muir Woods National Monument Muir Beach Olema Valley Stinson Beach Bolinas Ridge Tennessee Valley Oakwood Valley Marin Headlands Point Bonita Fort Baker Fort Barry Fort Cronkhite San Francisco Presidio of San Francisco Alcatraz Lands End Sutro Baths Fort Miley Sutro Heights Ocean Beach Fort Funston Crissy Field Fort Point Fort Mason San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park San Mateo County Mori Point Sweeney Ridge Milagra Ridge Rancho Corral de Tierra Phleger Estate People Ohlone People Coast Miwok John Muir William Kent Natural Settings San Francisco Bay Area Climate Geology Ecosystems Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve Natural Disasters Cosco Busan oil spill History Marincello Founding and Growth Bay Area Parks Golden Gate Park Park Presidio Marin Municipal Water District Bay Area Ridge Trail San Francisco Bay Trail Mount Tamalpais State Park Point Reyes National Seashore Pinnacles National Park Administration National Park Service Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy Presidio Trust Related Dipsea Race Golden Gate Bridge vte San Francisco attractions Landmarks 49-Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall & Civic Center Cliff House Coit Tower F-Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight-Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Main Library Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Peace Pagoda Pier 39 Sutro Baths Sutro Tower Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square Museums and art Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences California Historical Society Cartoon Art Museum Children's Creativity Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas–Lilienthal House Legion of Honor Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley's Believe It or Not! San Francisco Art Institute Diego Rivera Gallery San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco Maritime Railway Museum USS Pampanito Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts Parks and recreation Alamo Square Bay Area Ridge Trail Candlestick Point Civic Center Plaza Corona Heights Crissy Field Mission Dolores Park Glen Canyon Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Marina Green McLaren Park Mount Davidson Mount Sutro Ocean Beach The Presidio San Francisco Bay Trail San Francisco Zoo Stern Grove Twin Peaks Yerba Buena Gardens Views Coit Tower Twin Peaks Seal Rocks/Ocean Beach Baker Beach Golden Gate Bridge Fort Funston Hamon Observation Tower at the de Young Museum Strawberry Hill Crissy Field Pacific Heights Alamo Square/Painted ladies Top of the Mark Alcatraz Treasure Island Lombard Street Powell-Hyde Cable Car Ferry Building Bernal Hill 49-Mile Scenic Drive Hawk Hill Fort Baker Entertainment American Conservatory Theater Bill Graham Civic 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Hydrography Ecology List of tributaries List of lakes San Francisco Bay Subdivisions Major San Francisco Bay Suisun Bay San Pablo Bay Minor Golden Gate Grizzly Bay Richardson Bay San Rafael Bay Richmond Inner Harbor San Leandro Bay Former Yerba Buena Cove Mission Bay Waterways Rivers San Joaquin Sacramento Napa Guadalupe Petaluma Creeks (discharging into the Bay) Alameda Baxter Cerrito Codornices Coyote (Santa Clara) Coyote (Marin) San Leandro San Lorenzo Schoolhouse Temescal Sausal Redwood San Mateo Sonoma Corte Madera Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio San Rafael Miller Novato Tolay San Francisquito Pacheco Alhambra Adobe Rodeo Refugio Pinole Garrity Rheem Karlson San Pablo Castro Wildcat Fluvius Innominatus Marin (Alameda County) Strawberry Easton Mission Creek Reservoirs Calaveras Reservoir Lafayette Reservoir Straits and estuaries Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta Carquinez Strait Oakland Estuary Raccoon Strait Parks and protected areas Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge San 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Meeker Mowry Napa Sonoma Point Molate Seal Stege Suisun Westpoint Bridges and tubes Bridges San Francisco–Oakland Eastern span replacement Richmond–San Rafael San Mateo–Hayward Dumbarton Golden Gate Benicia–Martinez Antioch Carquinez Leimert Park Street Fruitvale High Street Bay Farm Island Tubes Posey/Webster Street Transbay Ferries Angel Island–Tiburon Ferry Blue & Gold Fleet Golden Gate Ferry San Francisco Bay Ferry (WETA) Ports and marinas Port of San Francisco Port of Oakland Port of Richmond Hunters Point Naval Shipyard Mare Island Naval Shipyard Port of Redwood City Berkeley Marina Oyster Point Marina/Park Clipper Yacht Harbor Westpoint Harbor Foster City Marina (proposed) Other Discovery Site Humphrey the Whale Cosco Busan oil spill Delta and Dawn Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve Ridgway's rail/California clapper rail Reber Plan San Leandro Oyster Beds Thicktail chub Delta smelt Richmond Shipyards U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model Guadalupe watershed Clifton Court Forebay Conservation and Development Commission The Watershed Project Save The Bay Harold Gilliam Marincello Citizens for East Shore Parks Friends of Five Creeks Urban Creeks Council Cargill salt infill 1971 oil spill Greenbelt Alliance The Bay Institute San Francisco Baykeeper San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science Water Trail Estuary Partnership Leslie Salt Portal Portal Category Category vte National Register of Historic Places in California Lists by county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles County Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Lists by city Los Angeles Pasadena San Francisco Other lists Bridges California Historical Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks this coin is silver plated

• Condition: Neuf
• Modified Item: No
• Country/Region of Manufacture: United States
• Theme: Prison
• Type: Coin

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